在我們學習新概念的課文時，經常會聽到一個既陌生又熟悉的詞——同位語。
陌生，是因為漢語里并沒有一個對應的說法，如果非要找一個參照物，那或許是我們漢語中所說的破折號。
熟悉，是因為英語中同位語的使用頻率相當之高。
所以大家需要學會辨認出同位語，以及所衍生出的同位語從句。
今天就來給大家說一說如何辨認同位語。當然只知其一不知其二是不夠的，我們還要學會自己嘗試著寫出同位語及同位語從句。
Part I 何謂同位語
官方說法：一個名詞(或其它形式)對另一個名詞或代詞進行修飾，限定或說明，這個名詞（或其它形式）就是同位語。
同位語與被它限定的詞的格要一致，并常常緊挨在一起。
通俗說法：同位語滿足的條件 1) 對名詞或代詞作解釋說明 2) 詞性一致 3) 與名詞或代詞相鄰。
Part II 如何辨別同位語
接下來我們拿新二課文中的幾句句子讓大家感受一下，是否同位語都符合以上條件。大家也可找一找個中規律。
I have just received a letter from my brother, Tim.
(N2 L4 An exciting trip)
Our neighbor, Captain Charles Alison, will sail from Portsmouth tomorrow.
(N2 L12 Goodbye and good luck)
My daughter, Jane, never dreamed of receiving a letter from a girl of her age in Holland.
(N2 L22 A glass envelope)
My old friend, Harrison, had lived in the Mediterranean for many years before he returned to England.
（L38 Everything except the weather）
My friend, Hugh, has always been fat.
（L52 Reward for virtue）
Our dog, Rex, used to sit outside our front door and bark.
（L59 In or out）
In 1858, a French engineer, Aime Thome de Gamond, arrived in England with a plan for a twenty-one-mile tunnel under the English Channel.
（L64 The Channel Tunnel）
In 1860, a better plan was put forward by an Englishman, William Low.
（L64 The Channel Tunnel）
Last Christmas, the circus owner, Jimmy Gates, decided to take some presents to a children's hospital.
（L65 Jumbo versus the police）
這么多的例子之后，大家是否能找到同位語的特點呢？
1) 解釋前面的名詞，以上的例子都是用來解釋人物的名字，身份等
2) 可與前面的名詞替換，倘若把同位語與前面的名詞位置互換，句子依然成立，且意思相同
因此，判斷同位語的一個方法就是兩個名詞之間劃等號，如果能互相解釋并替換，那就是同位語。再教大家一個方法，即在第一個名詞后加上be動詞，如果能和后面的名詞連成句子，亦能證明是同位語。比如：
The great racing driver, Sir Malcolm Campbell, was the first man to drive at over 300 miles per hour.
（L72 A car called Bluebird）
The great racing driver = Sir Malcolm Campbell.
The great racing driver is Sir Malcolm Campbell.
因此Sir Malcolm Campbell是the great racing driver 的同位語。
再比如：
The only passengers, a young woman and her two baby daughters, were unhurt.
（L75 SOS）
The only passengers = a young woman and her two baby daughters
The only passengers are a young woman and her two baby daughters.
因此, a young woman and her two baby daughters 是the only passengers的同位語，兩者是同位語關系。
當然，同位語除了解釋人的身份，名字，職業等，還可以解釋時間、地點、事物等。這樣的同位語貫穿了整個新二，而下半冊中尤為眾多。比如：
He has just bought an Australian car and has gone to Alice Springs, a small town in the centre of Australia.
解釋地點（L4 An exciting trip）
In 1963, a Lancaster bomber crashed on Wallis Island, a remote place in the South Pacific, a long way west of
Samoa.
解釋地點，兩個同位語（L66 Sweet as honey）
In 1929, three years after his flight over the North Pole, the American explorer, R.E. Byrd, successfully flew over
the South Pole for the first time.
解釋時間（L43 Over the South Pole）
Then in 1989, twenty-six years after the crash, the plane was accidentally rediscovered in an aerial survey of the island.
解釋時間（L66 Sweet as honey）
TIP: 年份后面有相應的事件說明
When you visit London, one of the first things you will see is Big Ben, the famous clock which can be heard all
over the world on the B.B.C.
解釋事物（L71 A famous clock）
Bluebird, the car he was driving, had been specially built for him.
解釋事物（L72 A car called Bluebird）
TIP: 解釋事物的同位語中通常還包含一個定語從句
Part III 如何寫出同位語
不難發現，同位語的作用是讓我們對不熟悉的人事物變得更為精確、具體。因此大家在自己寫句子、段落的時候也應做到as detailed as possible.
那同位語從句如何寫呢？我們也用新二課文中的句子列舉一二。
He will be in his small boat, Topsail.
Topsail is a famous little boat.
（L12 Goodbye and good luck）
方法：1) 找出同類項 2) 省略名詞或代詞、be動詞 3) 合并加逗號
以上兩句同類項是Topsail, 因此我們省略后一個，去掉be動詞is, 合并加上逗號，最后呈現出這樣的句子：
He will be in his small boat, Topsail, a famous little boat.
再比如：
The Greenwood Boys are a group of pop singers.
At present, they are visiting all parts of the country.
（L13 The Greenwood boys）
這兩句同類項是the Greenwood Boys, 但是我們可以稍作變化，將帶有be動詞的第一句簡化為同位語。
At present, the Greenwood Boys, a group of pop singers, are visiting all parts of the country.
大家嘗試著自己寫一寫吧！要注意適當的變化哦！
Mr. James Scott has a garage in Silbury and now he has just bought another garage in Pinhust. Pinhust is only
five miles from Silbury.
（L5 No wrong numbers）
à Mr. James Scott has a garage in Silbury and now he has just bought another garage in Pinhust, a city only
five miles from Silbury.
鞏固一下~
Last week at a dinner party, the hostess asked me to sit next to Mrs. Rumbold.
Mrs. Rumbold was a large, unsmiling lady in a tight black dress.
（L40 Food and talk）
à The hostess asked me to sit next to Mrs. Rumbold, a large, unsmiling lady in a tight black dress.
Part IV 同位語從句
同位語能起到解釋名詞，簡化句子的效果，當同位語本身就是個句子的時候，也就變成了同位語從句。新二下半冊的同位語從句在同位語的鋪墊下慢慢浮出水面，而大家真正接觸到更多的同位從還是在新三的課文里。我們先從新二課文中窺探一二吧。
No one could account for the fact that one of the boxes was extremely heavy.
（L46 Expensive and uncomfortable）
The fact = one of the boxes was extremely heavy.
The fact is that one of the boxes was extremely heavy.
再比如：
When the news got round that a comedy show would be presented at our local cinema by the P. and U. Bird
Seed Company, we all rushed to see it.
（L89 A slip of tongue）
The news = a comedy show would be presented at our local cinema by the P. and U. Bird Seed Company.
The news was that a comedy show would be presented at our local cinema by the P. and U. Bird Seed Company.
that 引導同位語從句
（TIP: that 引導同位語從句時不可省略，注意與定語從句的區分）
已經給大家說了不少同位語了，知識點雖小，但大有內涵。
大家要多感受，多消化，多練習。
新三中的同位語從句，之后再給大家詳細解說~
